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 152015024128143245168232148039199167010047123209178152124239215162147032037054067155175126SummaryPython is a language that implements object-oriented programming (OOP) by supporting classes and class instances. A class is a template from which objects can be created. It has its own namespace and stores object attributes and methods, which can be inherited from other base classesa process called subclassing. A class can also contain class variable assignments. These variables are shared by all the class instances, and they are part of the class namespace. All class attributes (variables and methods) are public. In order to identify the right variable that is used when you get multiple variables with the same name within your code, the following search order is followed: instance variables, class variables, and base class variables. Python has a module called pyclbr (Python Class Browser) that offers you the possibility of browsing all the information about classes that is stored in some other specific module. Note that most of this information can also be deduced through introspection. pyclbr gives you another benefit in that you don't need to import the module. Each object created from a class is an instance of a class, which has some specific properties: identity, object type, attributes, methods, and value. Classes and instances have built-in attributes that provide access to their internal definitions (namespace, name, and so on). The built-in functions isinstance() and issubclass() are provided to help determine the inheritance properties of instance and class objects. Each instance defines its own namespace of data, and it inherits behavior from the class (and possible base classes) that have originated it. Python object attributes don't need to be declared inside the class before they get used because they can be created dynamically. Class methods can be unbound and used outside a class definition. They also carry some special attributes that can be called from within the class that implements them. These attributes enable the access to the method's name, the method's documentation string, and so on. All method definitions must carry the argument self, whose function is to transport a reference of the object in a way so that when a method is called, it knows which object should be affected. Python exposes some special methods, such as __init__(), __str__(), and so on. These methods inherit built-in functions of the same name that are provided by Python itself. Python operators can be re-created by remapping their built-in functions and methods. This feature is called operator overloading. Extensive support exists for operators overloading via the double-underscored special methods such as __add__() and __div__(). Python c ... ... （Please download the complete source code to view） ...
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