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power flow
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of ELD is to minimize the fuel cost while satisfying the load demand with transdon
mnstrahts. The classical lambda iteration method har bcen uscd to solve the ELD
problem. This mcthod has uscd equal incranent cwt crittrion for systems without
bansmission losses and penalty factors using B, matrix for considering the lo-.
Othn methods sucb as gradient, newton, linear programming and interior point have also
ken applied to solve the ELD problem [124]. Traditionally, t h d units arc using a
single fuel and hence the ELD of such generating units have a single cost function. In
practical environment, thermal units are using multiple fuels like coal, natural gas and oil.
The multiple fuel options lead the objective function of the ELD to piecewise quadratic
cost functions [74]. Hopfield neutral networks a~ uscd to solve the ELD problem with
p i d s e quadratic functions [68,89]. Jayabarathi a al. have presented the applica
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power flow
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The pre-outage state of a part of an interconnected power system network, where a line-l connected between bus-r
and bus-s is shown in Fig. 1. Figure 2 shows the post outage state of the power system network with a line-l to be
considered as out of service. The simulation of a line outage will require modification of [YBus] parameters to
exclude the parameters of the line-l, which changes the Jacobian matrix. This involves a time intensive process. A
line outage has been approximately simulated by considering two fictitious generators at bus-r and bus-s and a
fictitious line between the buses having the same parameters as the original line to retain the original [YBus] and also
the elements of Jacobian and power flow sensitivity matrix, [28]. Thus, retaining a fictitious line with the same
parameters as that of an original line [YBus] remains unaffected. The power flow in this fictitious line is considered
as the pre-outage power
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