In PSK, the constellation points chosen are usually positioned with uniform angular spacing around a circle .
This gives maximum phase-separation between adjacent points and thus
the best immunity to corruption. They are positioned on a circle so that
they can all be transmitted with the same energy. In this way, the
moduli of the complex numbers they represent will be the same and thus
so will the amplitudes needed for the cosine and sine waves. Two common
examples are "binary phase-shift keying" ( BPSK ) which uses two phases, and "quadrature phase-shift keying" (